Havard Style

Sample Citations

Journal Article

Islam, Md.A., Sultana, R. and Widen, G. (2022) ‘Sustainable Development Goals and public libraries: an exploratory study in a developing country,’ Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 59(1), pp. 715–717. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.700.

In-Text

Parenthetical: (Islam et al., 2022)

Narrative: Islam et al. (2022) suggests…

Book(printed)

Key components

• Author(s).
• Year of publication (in round brackets).
• Title (in italics).
• Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition).
• Place of publication: publisher.

Example

Judy C. Pearson, Paul E Nelson, Scott Titsworth  and  Lynn Harter .(2003). Human Communication. Boston: McGraw Hill.

In-text citation Parenthetical: (Pearson et al., 2003)

In-Text Narrative Citation: In the introduction of his book, Pearson et al. (2003) asserts…

E-books

• Author/editor.
• Year of publication (in round brackets).
• Title of book (in italics).
• [Online]
• Place of publication: publisher.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date).

Example

Rayudu, C (2009) Communication, Global Media, Mumbai. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [12 May 2025].

Thesis or dissertation 

• Year of submission (in round brackets).
• Title of thesis (in italics).
• Degree statement.
• Degree-awarding body.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date).

Example

Mukoyi, H.S. (2017) Formulation of an antifungal vaginal cream incorporating erythrina abyssinica and syzigium cordatum herbal extracts. BSc dissertation. Harare Institute of Technology.

Citing and Referencing Generative AI

• Title of source: Describe what was generated by the AI tool. This may be the prompt used.
• Year generated (in round brackets).
• AI tool and version.
• Day/month of communication.
• Link to conversation or output (where available).

In-text citation

(Explain why the sky is blue, 2024)

Reference list:

Explain why the sky is blue (2024). ChatGPT (GPT-4). 8 July. Available at: https://chatgpt.com/share/2808d9f2-18c3-4aed-a84e-02e0d670eff1

Note about the accuracy AI tools’ outputs

Be sure to verify information provided by generative AI tools. Checking for reputable sources that confirm generative AI tools’ outputs will make it less likely you end up using false or misleading information. It would also be a good idea to cite these sources in your work, in addition to attributing your use of generative AI. That way, you can give credit to authors and institutions instead of just AI tools, which are trained on human-generated information in the first place.

For more information about generative AI tools and the accuracy of the information they provide, see this article from MIT Sloan: When AI Gets It Wrong: Addressing AI Hallucinations and Bias